Spanish Lances and Flint blades

 

A while ago I wrote about the Spanish encounter with the Maya in Yucatan. If you would like read it click the Maya tag below.

Today we will see how Spanish cavalry fought the warriors of Tlaxcala.   We should note  that none of those warriors had ever seen a horse before let alone fought cavalry.  I want to have a closer look at how these interactions played out.

Our guide throughout is Bernal Diaz who was there and fighting in the infantry:

“Our cavalry was to gallop up three abreast, with lances fixed, and run the Indians full in the face.”

The target for such charges was the Tlaxcala commanders, easily recognisable from their banners and splendid war suits. 

The cavalry, moving faster than any Indian had ever seen, sought to drive their locked lances through the faces of the foe.  A killing blow. Formidable indeed.  The horsemen then rode off at speed, and turned, ready to repeat the deadly deed.

The Tlaxcala, to their immense credit, tended not to panic, at least not while their formation held. 

Sometimes things went wrong for the cavalry, on occasion fatally wrong.  Consider this encounter with an advance party of 30 Tlaxcala warriors:

“Cortes ordered some of our cavalry to go in among them, and try, if possible, to capture one, but not to inflict any wounds. These were followed at a distance by five others, to assist them should they fall into an ambush.”

There were 30 Indians “They had broad swords, which are used with both hands, the edges of which are made of hard flint, and are sharper than our steel swords. They were also armed with shields, lances, and had feathers stuck in their hair.”  I’d put the Spanish cavalry at 8 to 10 men.

The 30 Indians “Began to retreat slowly, and arranged themselves again in order, whenever our men attempted to take any of them prisoners. They defended themselves right valiantly with their swords and lances, wounding several of our horses. The blood of our men now also began to boil, who, in return, killed five of the Indians.”

Many more Indians appeared and the Spanish horsemen “Now immediately closed their ranks.” before retiring.  This tells us the had been making discrete repeat charges at individual targets in the style outlined above.  The Spanish could not expect to replace lost horses and no Caballero yearned to join the infantry.  Perhaps the horsemen could have prevailed against odds of three to one.  I doubt they could have done so without seriously risking a dead horse.  The cost would have outweighed the benefit.

What happened next was "At that moment a swarm of more than 3000 Tlascallans rushed furiously from an ambush, pouring forth a shower of arrows upon our cavalry, who now immediately closed their ranks. At the same time we fired among them with our cannon, and so at last we obliged the enemy to give ground, though they fought bravely and with a good deal of manœuvring. On our side we had four wounded, of whom one died a few days after, if I still remember rightly. Seventeen of the enemy lay dead, and the number of their wounded was very considerable. As it was growing very late they continued to retreat, and we to follow them."

The Tlaxcalan rank and file was about two thirds archers as best as I can tell.  We can note that the advance party of thirty men do not use bows. Bernal only mentions their melee weapons.  This indicates that they were elite close fighting warriors appropriately tasked with the dangerous job of acting as bait. When the ordinary fellows arrive so do the arrows.   

The casualty ratio testifies to the Spanish advantages in weaponry.  All the same we can clearly see the Tlaxcalans fought in formation within a defined command and control system.  The cannon must have been a shock and one which could not be countered and so the Tlaxcalans withdrew out of range.

 Here is another encounter:

“The chief object of the enemy was to capture one of our horses, in which they did not altogether fail; for, as Pedro de Moron on his well-trained mare, attended by three others of our cavalry, was attempting to break through the enemy's ranks, the Indians wrenched the lance out of his hand, and fell furiously upon him with their broad swords, wounding him severely. They gave his mare such a terrific cut with the same weapon in the neck, that the animal instantly fell down dead. If Moron's three companions had not immediately hastened to his assistance, he would have shared his horse's fate; for this gave our whole company time to come up.”

Once again, we have a small group of cavalry who seek to break up the foe’s formation. 

Observe, the Tlaxcala are keen to fully understand the new threat posed by horsemen. Orders have been given to secure a horse. They are carried out regardless of danger.  Those so tasked understood what they needed to do to capture the horse.   

As it happened de Moron died of his wounds on the same day as his mount.

The bold section of the quotation above seems to have given rise to the idea that Indian flint or obsidian edged weapons could decapitate a horse.  That is not what Bernal tells us. Nor does any other contemporary account say so.  Horses could be and were killed but not by decapitation.

The Spanish were well aware of the risk to their precious horses and issued strict instructions to minimise it.  

“At the same time, they were to be particularly upon their guard that the enemy did not lay hold of the lances with their hands; should such, however, be the case, the rider was to keep the tighter hold of his lance, give his horse the spur, and either by a sudden jerk wrest it out of the enemy's grasp, or drag him along with it.”

 Furthermore:

 “It was also the particular duty of our cavalry not to leave each other in the lurch, always to attack in full gallop, and only aim at the face and eyes.”

We can see then how the Spanish used their cavalry.  It was with care and economy.

Subsequently, the Tlaxcala became allied to the Spanish.  The reasons for this are fully comprehensible.  Tlaxcala was locked into an existential struggle with the Aztecs and it was one they could not hope to win.  They could have wiped out the Spanish but then what?  The threat from Mexico remained and European diseases were already decimating the population.

  

They made a bargain that allowed for survival and marched for Tenochtitlan.  We see the allies above, note the Atl Atl darts and sling stones flying.  

Interestingly both sides considered themselves to be the senior partner.  Without Tlaxcala Cortez would not have prevailed in Mexico.  A subsequent bigger Spanish expedition of course might have done so regardless of the stance of Tlaxcala.

I was hoping to locate an image Tlaxcala warrior with a Spanish sword for this piece.  For such gifts were then made. Alas, I could not.  Post Conquest of Mexico such swords had to be returned.  This I think resolved the issue of who truly was the senior partner in the alliance.

The Indian with a Spanish sword was a recurring Spanish nightmare  as is well attested by the colonial legislation of New Spain.  We may have a closer look at this in another post.

 

 

Thirty Minutes in Yucatan

This is an account of the Spanish and Maya clash at Potochan as recorded by the Conquistadore Bernal Diaz.  It repays study and, as we shall see, poses a challenge.

The Spanish had a rough time and eventually ran for their lives.  They ran like sensible men, for they had fought very hard against great odds to no avail.

The Maya liked to snaffle a captive or two but their prime aim in combat was to kill the enemy. They also knew all about the Spanish. The Spanish did not know anything much about the Maya.   

Both sides had a varied repetoire of tactics.  Bernal is an honest and reliable, and very readable, narrator.  Let’s look at his account of the fight and see what we learn.

This is how the Maya turned out for battle:

“They had all their cotton cuirasses on, which reached to their knees, and were armed with bows, lances, shields, and swords. The latter were shaped like our broadswords, and are wielded with both hands. They also had slings and stones, their bunches of feathers on, and their whole bodies painted with white, brown, and black colours.”

A treat for the serious painter there.  Now consider the Maya array:

“They had on their feather-knots, and were provided with drums, bows, lances, shields, and joined themselves to the others who had arrived in the night. They divided themselves into different bodies, surrounded us on all sides,”

This is how the Maya fought, first missilery:

 

“and commenced pouring forth such showers of arrows, lances, and stones, that more than eighty of our men were wounded at the first onset.”

 

Note the level of casualties caused by this.  Consider the nature of the wounds:

“And sure enough our captain was wounded in no less than twelve different places by their arrows. I myself had three; one of which was in my left side and very dangerous, the arrow having pierced to the very bone. Others of our men were wounded by the enemy's lances,”

Then the Maya came on:

“They next rushed furiously forward and attacked us man to man: some with their lances, others with their swords and arrows, and all this with such terrible fury that we were compelled also to show them earnest.”

Bernal and his comrades defended themselves:

“We dealt many a good thrust and blow amongst them, keeping up at the same time an incessant fire with our muskets and crossbows; for while some loaded others fired. At last, by dint of heavy blows and thrusts we forced them to give way;”

If you have ever seen a Spanish sword of the period you can imagine the damage done. Regardless, the Maya were not daunted, and recall too, the advantages of metal and gunpowder were in play:

“they did not retreat further than was necessary, in order that they might still continue to hem us in in all safety; constantly crying out in their language, Al calachoni, al calachoni; which signifies, kill the chief!”

Pause and consider, the Maya have retreated beyond immediate danger but are still in the game.  They wish to disrupt the Spanish command.  Maya missilery recommences.  Their close fighters were awaiting their moment.

The Spanish now knew they could not prevail.

“The whole of us were wounded, many shot through the neck, and more than fifty of our men were killed. In this critical situation we determined to cut our way manfully through the enemy's ranks and make for the boats, which fortunately lay on the coast near at hand. We therefore firmly closed our ranks and broke through the enemy.”

This they did with courage and some difficulty:

“At that moment you should have heard the whizzing of their arrows, the horrible yell they set up, and how the Indians provoked each other to the combat, at the same time making desperate thrusts with their lances.”

Bernal concludes his account with an audit:

“We found that fifty-seven of our men were missing, besides the two whom the Indians had carried off alive, and five whom we had thrown overboard, who had died in consequence of their wounds and extreme thirst. The battle lasted a little longer than half an hour.”

The challenge is to produce a set of rules that can reflect this type of combat.  I thought I'd give it a go.  Grim as it sounds I think wounds are the way in.  I'll have more to say shortly and it, to my regret,  won't be for the squeamish.  There isn't another way to do it.

The next part of this series will analyse what happened at Potochan and elsewhere.  Then we will have a look at the Spanish Tlaxcallan encounter.  Following that, we will get to the Aztecs.  At the end of the process I hope to have a set of rules that reflect the Bernal Diaz experience of war in Meso-America. 

My next post will be on the Great Italian Wars.  I've written the first draft of a set of rules and I'm busily painting up the combatants.  Expect lots of pics and a few test games.